It seems to me that when we say that members of species X are carnivores, we are saying that when in their natural habitat--"in the wild," so to speak--they eat meat if they can get it, and nothing else, even though other foods are available. At least, that's how I understand the term. The fact that a starving carnivore will eat things other than meat doesn't make it any less a carnivore, to my way of thinking.
My understanding of "omnivore" is similar. Omnivorous animals, in their natural habitat, will eat whatever plant and animal foods are available.
Applied to human beings, to call us carnivores is to assert that in our natural habitat, given available plant and animal foods, we will not consume plant foods unless starved for animal foods. But what is the "natural habitat" of human beings?
We evolved *from* apes dwelling in tropical forests. Most modern apes are omnivores, although meat is a relatively small part of their intake. Chimps, for example, get about 4% of their energy from meat. Add bugs and larvae to that, and it's undoubtedly somewhat more, but they are still obviously omnivores that eat plenty of vegetation.
A fairly standard view of things is that about 3 million years ago, when the earth cooled, the tropical forests shrank and those apes near the periphery either had to make a living in the border of the savanna, the "transition" forest, or die out. A few made it, presumably by scavenging and continuing to exploit plant foods, which would have been less abundant but not nonexistent. The anatomically modern human species didn't appear until around 200,000 years ago, by then well adapted to hunting, but also able to use fire, in all probability. Evidence of plant consumption is not so easy to detect in the fossil record, but as has been shown by references others have provided, there is evidence.
Is there any reason to think that humans, in their natural habitat, ignored available plant foods and ate only meat? Is there any reason to suppose that in temperate zones, for example, when apples fall from the trees in the fall, or when bushes are bulging with blueberries in summer, human beings just walked on by, ignoring them? I'd need some pretty persuasive evidence before I'd believe that.
|