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(...) and why is excess fat not turned into fat? (...)
3. Is the premise of the Optimal Diet that it that no excess macronutrients are consumed?
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The premise is that when you're optimally nourished -- i.e., eating the right types of food, in the right ratios -- your body will be a lean, mean, fat burning machine. All your problems will melt away, along with the excess pounds. You'll be free from all mental and physical ailments, your teeth will be whiter, your feet won't stink, you'll solve all of society's problems, and you'll be dancin' on the ceiling.
Seriously, though... the strict number-crunching is just for the time when you're becoming adjusted to the diet (which can take weeks to months). After that, you're supposed to be able to self-regulate to a great extent, so -- with a little guidance from your brain, in terms of
what to eat -- your body can in turn guide you regarding
when, and how much to eat. Once your body has adapted to "optimal nutrition," there should be no inclination to overeat, no cravings, and no hunger between meals... and you can enjoy a little dessert, or a little alcohol, without being tempted to overdo it. From my own experience, the stories I've heard from people online (like Peter of
Hyperlipid), and all the printed testimonials from Dr. K's fans, I'm inclined to think that this is actually true.
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4. How did the doctor arrive at these numbers? I've seen quotes I don't trust saying that he tested the numbers on himself and his family.
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He came up with the basic theory when he was working as a dietician at at a military hospital, and he decided to analyze the properties of all the "raw materials" at his disposal. From that, he realized that the foods found in nature fall into two basic categories: high carb/low fat (plant foods), and low carb/high fat (animal foods). He decided that the animal foods were the better way to go, because fat is a much more efficient energy source than carbs, and animal proteins are much better quality than plant proteins. And you should avoid combining the two, because mixing fuels is bad for the engine. It's kind of like powering a rocket, LOL.
He tested the specific ratio on his wife and son, who were both in poor health at the time (arthritis/migraines & dental problems, respectively), and found that it was extremely successful. He's since refined it through decades of clinical experience.
The ratio isn't as rigid as some make it out to be. The general rule for beginners is 1:2.5-3.5:0.8, but it can be different in some situations, such as obesity or certain medical conditions. For instance, in the early months of rapid weight loss, people who are very overweight should reduce their fat intake to 1 or 2 times their protein intake (since they have their own body fat to use as fuel). And in the long term, since we all have unique protein and energy needs, everyone's ratio will likely turn out to be a bit different.